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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
- Map references:
- Oceania
- Area:
- total area:
- 7,686,850 sq km
- land area:
- 7,617,930 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly smaller than the US
- note:
- includes Macquarie Island
- Land boundaries:
- 0 km
- Coastline:
- 25,760 km
- Maritime claims:
- contiguous zone:
- 24 nm
- continental shelf:
- 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
- exclusive economic zone:
- 200 nm
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)
- Climate:
- generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
- Terrain:
- mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
- Natural resources:
- bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten,
- mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 6%
- permanent crops:
- 0%
- meadows and pastures:
- 58%
- forest and woodland:
- 14%
- other:
- 22%
- Irrigated land:
- 18,800 sq km (1989 est.)
- Environment:
- current issues:
- soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and
- poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality
- water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the
- natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier
- Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is
- threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site;
- limited natural fresh water resources
- natural hazards:
- cyclones along the coast; severe droughts
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Geography
- international agreements:
- party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
- Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
- Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
- Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
- Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
- Note:
- world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population
- concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; regular, tropical,
- invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along the west coast
- in the summer
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 18,322,231 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 22% (female 1,929,366; male 2,032,238)
- 15-64 years:
- 67% (female 6,017,362; male 6,181,887)
- 65 years and over:
- 11% (female 1,227,004; male 934,374) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 1.31% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 14.13 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 7.37 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 6.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 77.78 years
- male:
- 74.67 years
- female:
- 81.04 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Australian(s)
- adjective:
- Australian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, aboriginal and other 1%
- Religions:
- Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%
- Languages:
- English, native languages
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
- total population:
- 100%
- male:
- 100%
- female:
- 100%
- Labor force:
- 8.63 million (September 1991)
- by occupation:
- finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale
- and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1%
- (1987)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Commonwealth of Australia
- conventional short form:
- Australia
- Digraph:
- AS
- Type:
- federal parliamentary state
- Capital:
- Canberra
- Administrative divisions:
- 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales,
- Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,
- Western Australia
- Dependent areas:
- Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
- Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
- Independence:
- 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)
- National holiday:
- Australia Day, 26 January (1788)
- Constitution:
- 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
- Legal system:
- based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
- reservations
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
- William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime
- Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet; prime minister selects his cabinet from members of the House and
- Senate
- Legislative branch:
- bicameral Federal Parliament
- Senate:
- elections last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA 1996); results -
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) Liberal-National 36, Labor
- 30, Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, independents 1
- House of Representatives:
- elections last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA 1996); results -
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National
- 65, independent 2
- Judicial branch:
- High Court
- Political parties and leaders:
- government:
- Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING
- opposition:
- Liberal Party, John HOWARD; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian
- Democratic Party, Cheryl KERNOT; Green Party, leader NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Government
- Other political or pressure groups:
- Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter
- group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party
- splinter group)
- Member of:
- AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CP,
- EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G- 8, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
- IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
- ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC,
- SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTSO, UNU, UPU,
- WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Donald Eric RUSSELL
- chancery:
- 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 797-3000
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 797-3168
- consulate(s) general:
- Atlanta, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American
- Samoa), and San Francisco
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Edward J. PERKINS
- embassy:
- Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600
- mailing address:
- APO AP 96549
- telephone:
- [61] (6) 270-5000
- FAX:
- [61] (6) 270-5970
- consulate(s) general:
- Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney
- consulate(s):
- Brisbane
- Flag:
- blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large
- seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a
- representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small
- five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per
- capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries.
- Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural
- products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Primary products account for
- more than 60% of the value of total exports, so that, as in 1983-84, a
- downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The
- government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but
- competition in international markets continues to be severe. Australia has
- suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD
- countries in the early 1990s. In 1992-93 the economy recovered slowly from
- the prolonged recession of 1990-91, a major restraining factor being weak
- world demand for Australia's exports. Growth picked up so strongly in 1994
- that the government felt the need for fiscal and monetary tightening by
- yearend. Australia's GDP grew 6.4% in 1994, largely due to increases in
- industrial output and business investment. A severe drought in 1994 is
- expected to reduce the value of Australia's net farm production by $825
- million in the twelve months through June 1995, but rising world commodity
- prices are likely to boost rural exports by 7.7% to $14.5 billion in
- 1995/96, according to government statistics.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $374.6 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 6.4% (1994)
- National product per capita:
- $20,720 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 2.5% (1994)
- Unemployment rate:
- 8.9% (December 1994)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $83.8 billion
- expenditures:
- $92.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY93/94)
- Exports:
- $50.4 billion (1994)
- commodities:
- coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment
- partners:
- Japan 25%, US 11%, South Korea 6%, NZ 5.7%, UK, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong
- (1992)
- Imports:
- $51.1 billion (1994)
- commodities:
- machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, crude oil
- and petroleum products
- partners:
- US 23%, Japan 18%, UK 6%, Germany 5.7%, NZ 4% (1992)
- External debt:
- $147.2 billion (1994)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 3.9% (FY93/94); accounts for 32% of GDP
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 34,540,000 kW
- production:
- 155 billion kWh
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Economy
- consumption per capita:
- 8,021 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals,
- steel
- Agriculture:
- accounts for 5% of GDP and over 30% of export revenues; world's largest
- exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat
- exporters; major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock -
- cattle, sheep, poultry
- Illicit drugs:
- Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
- government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation
- and output of poppy straw concentrate
- Economic aid:
- donor:
- ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion
- Currency:
- 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
- Exchange rates:
- Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January 1995), 1.3667 (1994),
- 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990)
- Fiscal year:
- 1 July - 30 June
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 40,478 km (1,130 km electrified; 183 km dual gauge)
- broad gauge:
- 7,970 km 1.600-m gauge
- standard gauge:
- 16,201 km 1.435-m gauge
- narrow gauge:
- 16,307 km 1.067-m gauge
- Highways:
- total:
- 837,872 km
- paved:
- 243,750 km
- unpaved:
- gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 228,396 km; unimproved earth 365,726
- km
- Inland waterways:
- 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km
- Ports:
- Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart
- (Tasmania), Launceton (Tasmania), Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,620,536 GRT/3,801,970 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 30, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 2, container 7,
- liquefied gas tanker 6, oil tanker 18, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea
- passenger 1
- Airports:
- total:
- 480
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 9
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 15
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 128
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 125
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 31
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 23
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 149
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 8,700,000 telephones; good international and domestic service
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- domestic satellite service
- international:
- submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; 10
- INTELSAT (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean) earth stations
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 258, FM 67, shortwave 0
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 134
- televisions:
- NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Australia
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 4,934,175; males fit for military service 4,274,900; males
- reach military age (17) annually 131,852 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.2% of GDP (FY94/95)
-